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 Honors Earth Science Second Semester Exam Study Guide

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__Test 1 Severe Weather__ Review your tornado safety rules for both indoor and outdoor safety. f you are outdoors the best thing to do is run to shelter..If there is no shelter you should next look to jump into a ditch or a revine...If you are inside the best thing to do is to run to the center of your basement and cover your self under a sturdy table or if possible a matress. Review your lightning safety rules. indoors- stay off the phone and don't take a bath. outdoors- stay as close to the ground as possible, making the least contact with the ground as possible. crouch with your head on your knees. stay away from high ground, trees, and bodies of water. inside a car- don't touch the metal. Describe the 5 types of potential severe weather caused by severe storms. tornadoes, hail, lightening, high wind, heavy water fall. What conditions are needed for a thunderstorm to develop? cold dry air and warm wet air What type of front does it form along? Severe weather happens along cold fronts. What cloud does it form? thunderstorms form in cumulonimbus clouds What tool do meteorologists use to determine whether there may be a tornado forming in a storm?
 * doppler radar **

 Test 2 Water World 1 Outline the sources and sinks of ocean salts. Sources.- from the run off of rivers and surface water.- underwater volcanic eruptions. Sources.- from the run off of rivers and surface water.- underwater volcanic eruptions. Sinks.-minerals precipitate when the water is too concentrated.-rocks form, like Limestone (limestone also prevents global warming b.c it collects CO2.) -biological processes (shells) What is the thermocline? Be able to identify it on a chart from ocean buoy data. The layer of ocean water where there's a rapid change of temperature that occurs with the depth. It exists because the sun cannot reach all the way through the ocean to warm it. -rachel place in ocean when temperature drops radpidly. it exists as a barrier to what gets heated and what doesn't get heated by the sun -adriana What is the pycnocline? Be able to identify it on a chart from ocean buoy data. Rapid change in water density/salt content with depth. It exists because of the thermocline and density is directly related to temperature.-rachel a change in the amount of salt rapidly in the ocean. it exist because in the suface zone water is mixing the deeper you go the average amount of salt in ocean goes up. -adriana What factors increase salinity in the oceans? the sality of water goes up when evaportation and freezing happen. What factors decrease it? increased biological activity, -precipitation, -melting, and continental margins (edges)/runoff How do salinity and temperature affect the rate that gas dissolves in the ocean? when it's colder oceans dissolve more gas. when it's more saltier it dissovles less gas -adriana Explain the ocean’s role as a carbon dioxide sink. (3 main types of sinks) Limestone forms on the bottom of the ocean so it absorbs the carbon dixiode. carbon dixiode is removed from the oceans by plants alge and planction and coral Outline the sources (2) and sinks (3) of ocean salts. Sources.- from the run off of rivers and surface water.- underwater volcanic eruptions. Sinks.-minerals precipitate when the water is too concentrated.-rocks form, like Limestone (limestone also prevents global warming b.c it collects CO2.) -biological processes (shells) Why are coral reefs of great importance to the carbon cycle? Coral reefs take in the carbon dioxide, therefore it is not being released into the atmosphere - Holly Explain how the ocean is involved in the carbon cycle, and its significance to global warming. the ocean takes out CO2 when the water temperature is warmer, and the formation of limestone. the ocean takes in CO2 when the water temperature is cooler, the formation of coral reefs and algea and plankton take in CO2. -adriana What is the most common form of carbonate rock formed in the ocean? Limestone - Holly __Test 3 Water World 2__ What causes most surface currents in the ocean? wind What direction do the equatorial currents flow? east to west What causes ocean gyres? What direction do they rotate north of the Equator? the coriolis effect. they rotate clockwise north of the equator Explain the Coriolis Effect. The deflective effect of the earth's rotation on all free-moving objects, including the atmosphere and oceans. How does it deflect currents N of the Equator? What about currents S of the Equator? Currents N swirl to the right, and currents S swirl to the left - Holly What is upwelling? Why does it happen? Why is it important? upwelling happens when the surface layer of the ocean is blown away by the wind, and the cold water rises. It's important because it carries nutrients to the surface, which are essential for fish, and other ocean animals Explain the model for thermohaline circulation. What drives it? Thermohaline circulation is due to density (temperature and salt). Cold, dense water flows down from the Arctic and warm water that's not very dense comes from the south What causes tides? Describe a high tide vs. a low tide. Tides happen because the sun's and the moon's gravity is pulling on the water and earth high tide is when the water is the highest and low tide is when it is the shallowest. In the simplest model, how many tides happen each day? 4 How many hours are there between two similar tides? Between a high and a low tide? 12, 6 What are neap tides? When do they happen? (phase of moon) neap tides are moderate versions of tides that happen during the first and third quarter moons What are spring tides? When do they happen? (phase of moon) very extreme versions of tides that happen during full and new moons How do El Ninos affect Michigan weather? they cause milder winters. they make winters warmer. __Test 4 Minerals and Gems__ Be able to calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom. How many protons does Phosporous have? How many neutrons? 15 and 16 If Cl gained an electron, what would it become? (2 words) negitive ion How many electrons are in an atom of Al? If it lost 3 electrons, what would it become? 13 and it would become a positive ion Calculate the mass of a mineral’s formula: Calculate the mass of KAlSi3O8. 278 g How many atoms of O are in this mineral? KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 12 Isotopes are elements that have varying numbers of neutrons -Holly Know Moh’s Scale of Hardness. Specifically, what’s the highest number and mineral? The lowest? 10 diamond and talc 1 -adriana What common materials are used to test for hardness? your fingernail-2.5, knife-5.5, glass-6.5, qartz-7 -adriana talc, it feels greasy,it is a 1, the highest is a dimond which is a 10 What are the 5 characteristics of a mineral? 1. Solid 2. Naturally-occuring 3. Definite chemical formula 4. Crystalline 5. Inorganic Be familiar with the basic mineral identification tests: fracture, 1, 2, 3 planes of cleavage, vitreous and metallic luster, streak. Vitreous: the nature of or resembling glass Conchoidal: a mineral or rock surface that is characterized by smooth, shell-like curves Metallic-silvery, gold, copper, Which minerals: fizz with acid? carbonates Are identified by a streak test? Metalic What mineral group is the most common? What is its chemical formula? Common mineral: Silicates Formula: SiO -Holly A mineral has a formula that contains CO3. What type of mineral is it? Carbonate Minerals -Holly What is a cabochon? What types of gems are cabbed? A rounded cut used for soft or opaque gemstones. What are facets? What types of gems are faceted? Flat "faces" done on translucent and transparent gems with a hardness greater or equal to 7 What is the definition of a carat? Carat- weight/size Explain the karat system for gold. Explain how gold alloys are rated in karats. What percentage of gold is in a 10K ring? 24k= Pure Gold 100% 10k- 41% 18k= 74% Gold 14k= 58% Gold What are the 4 C’s of evaluating a diamond’s value? Cut- a good cut enhances "play of colors" Clarity- no cracks, bubbles, inclusions Color- clear, blue, yellow (most priced) Carat- weight/size  __Test 5 Economic Geology__ What are alloys? Why are they made? Know common examples of alloys. 1.) Mixture of 2 or more metals 2.) To make something stronger, lighter, cheaper, or flexible 3.) Steel, coins, brass, bronze Explain the geological origins of Michigan's copper and iron ore deposits. Copper is in the Keweenaw Rift, and Iron is in the western Upper Peninsula. –Holly **//origin, not location!//**   What happened to create the Keweenaw Rift Zone? Its a 2,000 (km) long geoloigical rift in the center of the North American continent and part of the south-central North American plate. It formed when North America began to split apart, about 1.1 billion years ago. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">What are placer deposits and how are they mined? <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">What methods are used to refine ores (leaching, electrolysis, flotation) Froth flotation- separation by density, dense fluid added, rock sinks, refined material floats. Electrolytic separation: extracting metals from solution by applyuing an eletric current. (metals will accumalate at the electrode) Leaching- A chemical separation; adding chemicals to dissolve metal, then remove metal from solution. Smelting-Adding other chemicals to ore;melt to extract metal. What are aggregates? Name some types found in Michigan. Crushed Rock products (glacial Deposits) gravel, sand, clay, gypsum, limestone, salt, sandstone Why does our state have so many aggregates? Michigan has lots of agrrigates because we have had a lot of glaciers in our past <span style="color: rgb(115, 62, 233);">What are fossil fuels? Which ones are found in Michigan? Fossil Fuels are fuels formed in the ground from the remains of dead plants and animals. <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">Some fossil fuels are coal and oil –Holly <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">How does petroleum form? How does coal form? Petroleum forms due to compression of organic materials over long periods of geological time. Where does it form?? Coal forms when peat is altered physically and chemically. What environment does it form in? <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">What is the Michigan Basin? Where are the oldest and youngest rocks in the Basin? is a <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 240);">[|geologic basin] <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);"> centered on the <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 240);">[|Lower Peninsula] <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);"> of the US state of <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 240);">[|Michigan] <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">. The feature is represented by a nearly circular pattern of geologic <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 240);">[|sedimentary] <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 240);">[|strata] <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);"> in the area with a nearly uniform structural <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 240);">[|dip] <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);"> toward the center of the peninsula. <span style="color: rgb(91, 76, 255);">What does the presence of oil, salt and coral fossils tell you about the past history of Michigan? limestone salt and coral fossils tell that michigan used to be in the tropics and was an ocean <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">Where are each of these mineral resources located in Michigan: copper, iron, salt, aggregates, petroleum? <span style="color: rgb(69, 65, 255);">The rocks of the Michigan Basin are the source of commercial quantities of <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 43, 240);">[|petroleum] <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> What are the 3 traditional types of mining methods? <span style="color: rgb(93, 73, 223);">Underground <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">Open Pit placer mining-adriana Be able to explain these different refining techniques: froth flotation, electrolytic separation, leaching, smelting. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> Froth flotation- separation by density, dense fluid added, rock sinks, refined material floats. <span style="color: rgb(69, 65, 255);">Electrolytic separation: extracting metals from solution by applying an eletric current. (metals will accumalate at the electrode) Leaching- A chemical separation;adding chemicals to dissolve metal, then remove metal from solution. Smelting-Adding other chemicals to ore;melt to extract metal. <span style="color: rgb(91, 76, 255);">What are scrubbers? Explain how they work. (adhesion) <span style="color: rgb(93, 73, 223);">Scrubbers are tools used to scrub the sulfur out of the smoke released by coal-burning boilers. most scrubbers use limestone to which can be used to absorb sulfur under the right conditions. limestone is then mixed with water and sprayed into the coal combustion gases. the limestone captures the sulfur and "pulls" it out. Limestone and sulfer together form a wet paste that disables the sulfur from getting into the air. <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">Why don’t the Great Lakes have an acid rain problem? Limestone absorbs all of the acid from the acid rain and balances the PH levels out. Its a natural scrubber __Test 6 Igneous Processes__ <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">Know the rock cycle processes: 3 basic rock types and how each form. <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">an igneous rock can either form underground or above ground. underground- when the magma is trapped in small pockets inside the earth. above ground- also formed when lava cools above ground. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">Sedimentary?? <span style="color: rgb(91, 76, 255);">What is the relationship between crystal size and cooling rate? Slow cooling-large crystals <span style="color: rgb(96, 80, 255);">Fast cooling-small crystals <span style="color: rgb(91, 76, 255);">Define these igneous rocks types: volcanic (extrusive), intrusive (plutonic), glass. <span style="color: rgb(130, 106, 230);">Volcanic, or extrusive, rocks form when lava solidifies above the ground. Plutonic, or intrusive, rocks weren’t able to reach the surface, so they crystallize at depth. <span style="color: rgb(120, 92, 231);">Some igneous rocks don’t have crystals. They are called glasses-Obsidion Pummace and Scoria- <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">What is the relationship between types of lava (viscosity, explosiveness, amount of silica), where they are located, and if the eruption is from a shallow or deep source? <span style="color: rgb(91, 76, 255);">Compare felsic vs. mafic rocks (chemistry and color). Felsic rocks are lighter colored, contain more quartz and feldspar. High SiO2. Mafic rocks are darker colored, contain more iron minerals. Define and explain a hot spot. when a volcano is formed away from a plate, like in the center is placed there because of a mantle plume, which is when the lava pushes to the crust, gets extremely hot and forces its way through to the surface. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> For each of the 4 types of volcanoes: give a geographic example, describe the physical shape and size of the volcano, its lava chemistry and temperature, its eruption behavior (degree of explosiveness) and any pyroclastics it produces. <span style="color: rgb(57, 81, 255);">Fissure eruptions: Keweenaw Peninsula, hottest lava, deep source depth, ocean and continent location, low explosiveness. Stratovolcanoes: Mt. Saint Helans, alternating/cooler lava, shallow source depth, continent location, high/alternating explosiveness. Shield: Largest volcano, very hot lava, deep source depth, ocean location, low explosiveness. Cinder cones: Smallest volcano, Sunset Crater, cooler lava, shallow source depth, ocean and continent location, small bursts of explosiveness. <span style="color: rgb(91, 76, 255);">What type of volcanism occurred in Michigan? Where did it happen? It was a fissure erruption flood basalt volcano. Plates spreading apart caused this. It happened in the Keweenaw Rift <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">Be able to interpret and to identify these igneous textures: vesicular, porphyritic. <span style="color: rgb(91, 76, 255);">The vesicular texture of bubble-holes in a rock is caused by gas venting during formation <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> Porphyritic: rock consisting of very large crystals -Holly : NO <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">Define and identify each of these lava products: bomb, ash, pumice, obsidian. Ash is about the same size as sand. Ash is a powdery residue Obsidian is very hard, looks very much like glass. It breaks into sharp edges, that can easily cut through many materials. You can find obsidian in any color, however obsidian is mostly black or brown Pumice: a light colored, frothy volcanic rock usually pea size, ejected from a volcano during an eruption. -Holly bomb- molten rock larger than 2.5 inches in diameter that is ejected from the volcano and flies through the air pumice- a white-ish colored rock with air bubbles formed by rapid cooling <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"> __Test 7 Tectonics/Earthquakes__ <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">Recognize and describe each of these ocean floor features: the continental shelf, abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridge, trench, seamounts, transform faults. <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">The Continental Shelf- a gentle sloping shallow area that extends out from a continents edge. (F) Abyssal Plains- a smooth and nearly flat area of the ocean floor. (C) <span style="color: rgb(212, 14, 121);">Mid-Ocean Ridge- a continuous range of mountains that wind around the Earth. (D) <span style="color: rgb(93, 79, 222);">Trench- deep, steep-sided canyons (G) Seamounts- mountains completely under the water (B) -Holly <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">What igneous rock makes up the ocean floor? What igneous rock makes up the majority of the continents? granite is continent, basalt is oceanic Which is more dense, oceanic or continental crust? Oceanic What are the 4 layers of Earth’s interior? the crust, mantle, outercore, and innercore. Which layer is liquid? the outer core. How do plates move? plates "float" upon the asthenosphere What 3 rock units comprise a plate? <span style="color: rgb(84, 45, 255);">lithoshpere, continental crust, and oceanic crust <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">What layer of the mantle do they “float” on? asthehosphere Compare and contrast each of these seismic waves: P, S, surface P waves are first and compressional, S waves are second and transverse and surface waves are last and a combination Know the behavior of P and S waves as they travel through the Earth p waves- can travel through anything. s waves- cannot travel through outercore (liquid) What are shadow zones and how are they created? he shadow zone is the area of the earth that does not receive any waves. The shadow zone results from S waves being stopped entirely by the liquid core and P waves being bent by the liquid core. How is an earthquake’s amplitude determined? by the height of the tallest s wave, you measure it from the baseline to the very top How is the distance to an earthquake determined? the distance between the p and s wave - the s-p lag time. the longer the lag time, the farther away the earthquake is Compare the Richter and Mercalli scales. Richter: Earthquake's Energy Based Scale Mercalli: Earthquake Damage Based Scale What are tsunamis and how do they begin? Tsunamis are large waves (up to 100 ft). They can be caused by eruptions and earthquakes. Explain liquefaction and how it happens. liquefaction is when the surface of land basically becomes quick sand. this happens because the water table raises up due to an earthquake and floods and saturates the earth.

__Test 8 Structural Geology/Plate Tectonics__ Be able to identify the types of faults(4) and folds(3).<span style="color: rgb(126, 72, 210);"> <span style="color: rgb(130, 45, 231);"> Explain the formation of the Appalachian, Himalayan and Andes Mountains. the appaachian mountains were formed when africa hit north america. himalayan mountains formed when india hit asia. the andes mountains formed by volcanoes-adriana <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">Who is Wegener? What theory did he propose? What evidence did he collect? Wegener was a cartographer and meteorologist who popularized the idea of continental drift The shapes of many continents are such that they look like they are separated pieces of a jig-saw puzzle. Many fossil comparisons along the edges of continents that look like they fit together suggest species <span style="color: rgb(147, 21, 229);">similarities that would only make sense if the two continents were joined at some point in the past. Know what these landforms look like, how they form, and what plate boundaries they are associated with. (Some are found along multiple boundaries): island arc rift valley folded mountains mid-ocean ridge transform fault trench <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">Define each of these plate boundaries by explaining what's happening there: a subduction zone, a convergent plate boundary, a divergent plate boundary , a transform boundary. <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">onvergent= two plates pushing together. Divergent= two plates pulling apart. Transform=two plates (side by side) rubbing against each other. Convergent Boundaries Land forms= island arcs, trenches, volcanic mountains, folded mountains, & subduction zone. Subduction zone is when one plate is under another. The more oceanic plate goes underneath the plate with more land. Island Arc System= chain of small volcanic islands. Geographic examples= Aleution, Mariana, and Tongol islands. Divergent boundaries Landforms= mid-ocean ridge, fissure volcanos, and rift valley. Where in the U. S. are two famous hot spots? (one on land, one in the ocean) hawaii and yellowstone List __specific geographic examples__ of each of the following: a transform fault on land a divergent plate boundary on land a continent-continent convergent plate boundary a continent-ocean plate subduction zone an ocean-ocean plate subduction zone Explain how hot spots such as Hawaii indicate the speed and direction of ocean plate movements. <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">Explain seafloor spreading. Where is the youngest seafloor? The oldest? as the mid-ocean ridge spreads lava comes out and creates new ocean floor What is the relationship between the age of ocean floor and its distance from the mid-ocean ridge? the farther away the older..... <span style="color: rgb(130, 45, 231);"> What is thought to be the mechanism that “drives” plate motion? trenches-adriana <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">What is paleomagnetism? How does it help to date rocks and show plate motions? paleomagnetism is when mafic igneous rocks point towards the north pole. it helps date rocks because where they point depends on their age. it shows plate motions because the north pole never actually moves, jus <span style="color: rgb(84, 45, 255);">t the older rocks point in different places because the continents were in different places. <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">Explain “polar wandering”. the north pole is in a "different place", because igneous, mafic rocks point to where it is. the north pole doesnt really move, it is just the continents moving due to plate tectonics. What are terranes? Give a geographic example of a piece of continent built of terranes. Terranes are little pieces of land that get stuck together. An example would be Alaska. What three processes can create metamorphic rocks? Heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids

__Test 9 Erosion and Weathering__ <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">List examples of mechanical and chemical weathering, and be able to define each. mechanical weathering: frost-wedging, root- wedging, exfoliation frost-wedging: ice freezing and expanding in the cracks of rock root-wedging: tree roots growing between the cracks in rock

chemical weathering: oxidation, carbonic acid, biological activity (lichens) Oxidation- When rocks, rich in iron minerals, become rusty. They receive a yellow, reddish color. Carbonic Acid-Rain dissolves carbon dioxide, and as it falls through the atmosphere, the acid ionizes What is creep? Slump? creep: slow movement of sediment due to gravity slump: quick downward movement of sediment Exfoliation? <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">Explain how the longshore current affects beaches. Be able to predict how a groin will change sediment deposition and erosion patterns. The beach sand gets dragged by the water in the same direction of the longshore drift. What 3 common soils exist? Identify them by color, environment and chemistry. Black/brown: The black is very rich in organic and is in temperate areas (not oxidized) Red: In humid and warm ideas, and unlike brown/black soil it is oxidezed. White/Grey: Found in desert like areas, but not as porous. <span style="color: rgb(130, 45, 231);"> Contrast these 3 soil textures: sand, loam, clay. What is each good for? sandy feels gritty, is good for drainage. loamy feels moist, good for retaining water. clay feels slippery, and smooth, doesn't drain well. -adriana  <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">What is the relationship between the degree of roundness of sand and its age? <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">the rounder the sand is the older it is since it has been polished more by erosinal processes. <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">What is the relationship between the degree of roundness of sand and proximity to its source area? the farther from the source area the rounder the sand is. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">What is the relationship between the degree of sorting of sand and proximity to <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">its source area? <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">What is the relationship between sediment size and water velocity? <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> **The faster the water is, the larger the sediments it can carry.** **-rachel** <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">How can a dune be stabilized so that it does not migrate? <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> Plant grass on it <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">Review evidence of Michigan glacial erosion: grooves, kettle lakes. <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">Kettle lakes are usually in groups and forms when a block of ice falls off a glaciern. Finger lakes are being eroded or grounded out, they are gouged out in the direction the glaciers were moving <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> **grooves- scratches in the ground from glacial retreat -rachel** <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">Explain the formation of moraines. moraines are made of till. -adriana <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">What are stratified drift and till and where would each be found? till is different sizes and is found in kames, drumlins, and eskers. stratified drift is all the same size in layers and they are found in glacial lakes. -adriana <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">What are: erratics? Kames? Drumlins? Eskers? kames are rounded hills. drumlins are hills that look like drumsticks. and eskers are curved hills. they were all made by glaciers. -adriana <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">When did the last ice sheets leave Michigan? <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> **The most recent glacier retreated (melted) about 14,000 years ago -Holly** <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">How were the Great Lakes formed? during the ice age the glaciers went into the lowest part of michigan and carved out the great lakes. -adriana <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">Recognize which hills in Michigan are moraines by their pattern. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> Moraines are arranged parallel to the shorelines. Where the glaciers came in is why it is caused where it happens. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">__Last Unit! Sedimentary Rocks and Their Uses__ <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">Review how and where each of these sedimentary rocks are formed: conglomerate, <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">coal, sandstone, limestone, shale, coquina, halite. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> **Conglomerate**- looks like little pebbles glued together. Formed by worn rocks or pebbles bound by a substance containing silica or clay. **Coquina**- looks like shells glued together. **Coal**- is a black or brown sedimentary rock. Formed by plant remains. **Sandstone**- looks like grains of sand. Formed from cemented grains. limestone is formed in the ocean. -adriana <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">Which are clastic? <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">clastics- made of little pieces. <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">bioclastics- formed from little pieces of living things. <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">Which are chemically formed? <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">evaporite-left behind by water <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> precipitate-leaves water <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> What conditions are necessary for fossilization? **hard parts and quick burying -rachel** <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">What are trace fossils? Give some examples. <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">gastroliths rocks that were in dinasaurs bellies, <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">coprolites are remnants from an animal such as a bone or a tooth <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">On the Geologic Time Scale: <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">During what era where dinosaurs prevalent? mesozoic <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">The common fossil invertebrates of Michigan, such as trilobites? paleozoic <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">Very little life except for algae? precambrian <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">The Ice Ages? <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">Be able to work a simple half-life problem, calculating amounts of parent, daughter and the time elapsed. (This would include using a half-life curve such as the one we did for homework.) <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">What is the special use for Carbon-14 in dating? <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> a living thing takes in carbon 14 and when dead it stops the level of carbon-14 in fossil detremines how long its been dead <span style="color: rgb(105, 59, 255);">Using nuclear notation, 14C and 12C are examples of what? <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> **Isotopes -Holly** <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">Interpret stratigraphic maps by using relative dating methods (crosscutting, <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">superposition, etc.) <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">**Superposition: states that the layer(rock) on top is the youngest** <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> **Crosscutting: states that if a rock has been cut by an intruding rock, than the rock that was cut must be older than the rock that cut it. -Holly** <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">Be able to state relative ages of rock layers and faults. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">Interpret erosional boundaries seen in stratigraphic maps (the 3 different <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">types of unconformities). <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">Note: where are the BOUNDARIES in the answers below? Betweeen them and what??? <span style="color: rgb(223, 20, 131);">**Angular Unconformity: layers that slant diagonally** <span style="color: rgb(223, 20, 131);">**Nonconformity: a rock that has cut across several other rocks** <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> **Disconformity: rock layer that grew in jagged (not even)** **This one is not correct.** <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">Be able to recognize the rock symbols for sandstone, limestone and shale. <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">**Sandstone: dots** <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">**Shale: lines (not connected)** <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">**Limestone: looks like bricks** <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> **-Holly** <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">Know the difference between porous, permeable and impermeable rocks and <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">examples of each. <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">What types of sediment are impermeable? <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">Shale,(desert sand),granite, slate is impermeable and clay <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">Very permeable? <span style="color: rgb(147, 70, 223);">sand, gravel conglomerate, sandstone and limestone <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;">Explain how a well works: non-flowing vs. artesian. <span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK4;"> an artesian well never has to be pumped unlike non flowing well

What is the water table? Be able to recognize it on a diagram, along with the zones of aeration and saturation Explain the concepts of an aquitard <span style="color: rgb(122, 36, 255);">and an aquifer.